Cost of Labour Turnover
The Cost of Labour Turnover can be examined under two broad categories ;
A.Preventive cost
B.Replacement cost
Preventive cost : As the name suggest,these are cost which are incured by a firm to keep a contented labour force force so as to prevent axcessive labour turnover,These A.cost therefore,include :
01.Personnel Administration
02.Medical Services
03.Welfare-e.g.provision for subsidised canteen meals,sports facilities,etc.
04.Gratuity and Pension Schemes
05.Aportion of high wages,Bonuses,perquisities,etc.Which are paid in excess of the average amount paid in the industry to discaurage labour turnover.
B.Peplacement cost :
Labour turnover is assopciated with replacement.Replacement nacessitates,recruitment,training,absorpsion of new workers.Since the new worker will take more time to do job than a trained worker,There will be loss of output and more wastage.Therefore,replacement cost will mean cost of all these elements.More precisely,the following may be enumerated under this heading ;
01.Cost of recruitment,training,Induction etc.
02.Loss of Output due to :
a.time-lag between defection and recruitment
b.inefficiency of new workers
03.cost of tooland machine breakage
04.cost of scrap and defective works
05.cost of additional supervision nacessitated by inexperiences of new workers.
06.cost of additional compensation payable arising out of frequent accidents.
07.loss of goodwill and hence high costs in termes of disadvantageus labour contracts.
The overall cost of labour turnover will be reflected in one or more of the items or heads already mentioned.The cost may be shown per worker employed or replaced or as a fraction of the total cost or selling price.Howover the more convinient method is to express it as follows :
Friday, 4 December 2009
Saturday, 28 November 2009
Hazmat Certification Test
Hazmat Certification Test
Contrary to popular belief, there is no hazmat certification test that is recognized by the US Government. It is up to each employer to determine what type of training and testing suits them best.
There is no "passing" score.
This can cause a problem because any score could be a passing score and any score could be a failing score. Here's a specific example. You give a warehouse worker who sometimes drives a truck a 20 question test. Let's say get 18 out of 20 questions correct. They scored 90%. That sounds good, doesn't it?
Well, let's say the two questions the employee missed were on Placarding, a vital function for shippers and truck drivers. If they went through a training program and when done, do NOT understand the requirements that apply to their job function, they aren't trained. Period. You cannot use them in a hazmat employee function until this deficit is fixed.
At Transportation Development Group - in our hazmat / DG training, we review every question with the students after the test and make sure they understand the correct answer before they leave. We also document that review in a follow-up letter.
Finally we do not "pass" a student on an exam unless they score at least 80%. This is also the minimum score for IATA certification.
Contrary to popular belief, there is no hazmat certification test that is recognized by the US Government. It is up to each employer to determine what type of training and testing suits them best.
There is no "passing" score.
This can cause a problem because any score could be a passing score and any score could be a failing score. Here's a specific example. You give a warehouse worker who sometimes drives a truck a 20 question test. Let's say get 18 out of 20 questions correct. They scored 90%. That sounds good, doesn't it?
Well, let's say the two questions the employee missed were on Placarding, a vital function for shippers and truck drivers. If they went through a training program and when done, do NOT understand the requirements that apply to their job function, they aren't trained. Period. You cannot use them in a hazmat employee function until this deficit is fixed.
At Transportation Development Group - in our hazmat / DG training, we review every question with the students after the test and make sure they understand the correct answer before they leave. We also document that review in a follow-up letter.
Finally we do not "pass" a student on an exam unless they score at least 80%. This is also the minimum score for IATA certification.
General Filing and Indexing
General Filing and Indexing
Any business worth its salt tends to have a vast network of connections spread throughout the world.It aspires afer dealing with a clientele scattered over all parts of the globe.In order to deal effectively and successfully with its customers,and business must be necessarily maintain a most up to date and efficient system of kepping its documents,records and all others necessary papers, so that ready references are easily and quickly available.This can be done,only,if the business office maintains an efficint,simple and comprehensive system of filing and indexing so far as its records,documents etc are concerned.An effient system of filing and indexing is practically the keystone of anymodern office organisation.Disorganised and haphazard methods of maintaining papers will involve any business organisation in a maze of chaos and confusion.In practice it is found how contineously the system of filing has been passing from one stage of improvement to another.Amongst the various systems,the following are worth nothing.
01.Paper to be arranged on metal holders----------
Any business worth its salt tends to have a vast network of connections spread throughout the world.It aspires afer dealing with a clientele scattered over all parts of the globe.In order to deal effectively and successfully with its customers,and business must be necessarily maintain a most up to date and efficient system of kepping its documents,records and all others necessary papers, so that ready references are easily and quickly available.This can be done,only,if the business office maintains an efficint,simple and comprehensive system of filing and indexing so far as its records,documents etc are concerned.An effient system of filing and indexing is practically the keystone of anymodern office organisation.Disorganised and haphazard methods of maintaining papers will involve any business organisation in a maze of chaos and confusion.In practice it is found how contineously the system of filing has been passing from one stage of improvement to another.Amongst the various systems,the following are worth nothing.
01.Paper to be arranged on metal holders----------
Mechanical Devices in Office
Mechanical Devices in Office
Just as modern production is now a days concentrated in a single unit on a large scale system, so alsao the modern office of a business tends to be correspondingly large.In order to deal efficienly with its system of copying correspondence and documents,as well as to issue circuller letters,etc.a modern office generally uses various mechanical devices to expedite work.Following are the devices :
01.Telephone 02.Type-writer 03.Dictaphone and Ediphone
Copying and Multiplying Process
01.Printing 02.Hectogram 03.Memiogram
04.Rotary Multiplier
05.Multigraph 06.Lithography and printing 07.Roneo Letter Copier 08.Photostate 09.Addressing Machine etc
Just as modern production is now a days concentrated in a single unit on a large scale system, so alsao the modern office of a business tends to be correspondingly large.In order to deal efficienly with its system of copying correspondence and documents,as well as to issue circuller letters,etc.a modern office generally uses various mechanical devices to expedite work.Following are the devices :
01.Telephone 02.Type-writer 03.Dictaphone and Ediphone
Copying and Multiplying Process
01.Printing 02.Hectogram 03.Memiogram
04.Rotary Multiplier
05.Multigraph 06.Lithography and printing 07.Roneo Letter Copier 08.Photostate 09.Addressing Machine etc
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
According to Ayurveda, high blood pressure involves all the doshas, the heart, and the blood vessels.We can see signs and symptoms of derangement of vata dosha mainly that of 'Vyana vayu' in high blood pressure. People with Pitta and Vata predominante constitution and Pitta and Vata imbalance, are more prone to hypertension than any other. Unprocessed anger, frustration, irritability, anxiety and fear leads to mal-adaptation of the endocrine system, which then leads to conditions like hypertension. Treatment is based on bringing these imbalances back to normal. In the treatment of hypertension; nutrition, exercise, breathing exercises (Pranayama), yoga, meditation, behavioral modification along with various herbs and minerals are prescribed. The following products will help you to normalize your blood pressure.
According to Ayurveda, high blood pressure involves all the doshas, the heart, and the blood vessels.We can see signs and symptoms of derangement of vata dosha mainly that of 'Vyana vayu' in high blood pressure. People with Pitta and Vata predominante constitution and Pitta and Vata imbalance, are more prone to hypertension than any other. Unprocessed anger, frustration, irritability, anxiety and fear leads to mal-adaptation of the endocrine system, which then leads to conditions like hypertension. Treatment is based on bringing these imbalances back to normal. In the treatment of hypertension; nutrition, exercise, breathing exercises (Pranayama), yoga, meditation, behavioral modification along with various herbs and minerals are prescribed. The following products will help you to normalize your blood pressure.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Background Treatment added to statin monotherapy to further modify the lipid profile may include combination therapy to either raise the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level or further lower the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level.
Methods We enrolled patients who had coronary heart disease or a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, who were receiving long-term statin therapy, and in whom an LDL cholesterol level under 100 mg per deciliter (2.6 mmol per liter) and an HDL cholesterol level under 50 mg per deciliter for men or 55 mg per deciliter for women (1.3 or 1.4 mmol per liter, respectively) had been achieved. The patients were randomly assigned to receive extended-release niacin (target dose, 2000 mg per day) or ezetimibe (10 mg per day). The primary end point was the between-group difference in the change from baseline in the mean common carotid intima–media thickness after 14 months. The trial was terminated early, on the basis of efficacy, according to a prespecified analysis conducted after 208 patients had completed the trial.
Results The mean HDL cholesterol level in the niacin group increased by 18.4% over the 14-month study period, to 50 mg per deciliter (P<0.001), and the mean LDL cholesterol level in the ezetimibe group decreased by 19.2%, to 66 mg per deciliter (1.7 mmol per liter) (P<0.001). Niacin therapy significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels; ezetimibe reduced the HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. As compared with ezetimibe, niacin had greater efficacy regarding the change in mean carotid intima–media thickness over 14 months (P=0.003), leading to significant reduction of both mean (P=0.001) and maximal carotid intima–media thickness (P0.001 for all comparisons). Paradoxically, greater reductions in the LDL cholesterol level in association with ezetimibe were significantly associated with an increase in the carotid intima–media thickness (R=–0.31, P<0.001). The incidence of major cardiovascular events was lower in the niacin group than in the ezetimibe group (1% vs. 5%, P=0.04 by the chi-square test).
Conclusions This comparative-effectiveness trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima–media thickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00397657 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .)
Source Information
From the Cardiology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center (A.J.T., T.C.V., P.J.D., M.M.); and Medstar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center (A.J.T., N.J.W.) — both in Washington, DC; Medco Health Solutions, Franklin Lakes, NJ (E.J.S.); Cardiac Associates, Rockville, MD (L.G.); University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore (M.M.); and Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park, MD (M.T.).
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0907569) was published on November 16, 2009, at NEJM.org.
Background Treatment added to statin monotherapy to further modify the lipid profile may include combination therapy to either raise the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level or further lower the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level.
Methods We enrolled patients who had coronary heart disease or a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, who were receiving long-term statin therapy, and in whom an LDL cholesterol level under 100 mg per deciliter (2.6 mmol per liter) and an HDL cholesterol level under 50 mg per deciliter for men or 55 mg per deciliter for women (1.3 or 1.4 mmol per liter, respectively) had been achieved. The patients were randomly assigned to receive extended-release niacin (target dose, 2000 mg per day) or ezetimibe (10 mg per day). The primary end point was the between-group difference in the change from baseline in the mean common carotid intima–media thickness after 14 months. The trial was terminated early, on the basis of efficacy, according to a prespecified analysis conducted after 208 patients had completed the trial.
Results The mean HDL cholesterol level in the niacin group increased by 18.4% over the 14-month study period, to 50 mg per deciliter (P<0.001), and the mean LDL cholesterol level in the ezetimibe group decreased by 19.2%, to 66 mg per deciliter (1.7 mmol per liter) (P<0.001). Niacin therapy significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels; ezetimibe reduced the HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. As compared with ezetimibe, niacin had greater efficacy regarding the change in mean carotid intima–media thickness over 14 months (P=0.003), leading to significant reduction of both mean (P=0.001) and maximal carotid intima–media thickness (P0.001 for all comparisons). Paradoxically, greater reductions in the LDL cholesterol level in association with ezetimibe were significantly associated with an increase in the carotid intima–media thickness (R=–0.31, P<0.001). The incidence of major cardiovascular events was lower in the niacin group than in the ezetimibe group (1% vs. 5%, P=0.04 by the chi-square test).
Conclusions This comparative-effectiveness trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima–media thickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00397657 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .)
Source Information
From the Cardiology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center (A.J.T., T.C.V., P.J.D., M.M.); and Medstar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center (A.J.T., N.J.W.) — both in Washington, DC; Medco Health Solutions, Franklin Lakes, NJ (E.J.S.); Cardiac Associates, Rockville, MD (L.G.); University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore (M.M.); and Washington Adventist Hospital, Takoma Park, MD (M.T.).
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0907569) was published on November 16, 2009, at NEJM.org.
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